Kidney stones are small, hard deposits that form inside your kidneys and can affect any part of your urinary tract. The stones are made of mineral and acid salts. Often, stones form when the urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together.

Passing kidney stones can be quite painful. Passing the stones should not cause any permanent damage. Depending on what is discovered, the treatment can vary from taking pain medication and drinking lots of fluid, to surgery. Preventive treatment may be necessary if you are at risk of developing them again. 

Surgical methods of treatment include:

Using sound waves to break up stones. For certain kidney stones — depending on size and location a procedure called extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL)may be recommended. SWL uses sound waves to create strong vibrations (shock waves) that break the stones into tiny pieces that can be then be passed in your urine. The procedure lasts about 45 to 60 minutes and can cause moderate pain, so you may be under sedation or light anesthesia to make you comfortable. SWL can cause blood in the urine, bruising on the back or abdomen, bleeding around the kidney and other adjacent organs, and discomfort as the stone fragments pass through the urinary tract.

Surgery to remove very large stones in the kidney. A procedure called percutaneous nephrolithotomy (nef-row-lih-THOT-uh-me) involves surgically removing a kidney stone using small telescopes and instruments inserted through a small incision in your back. The procedure is done under general anesthesia and admission to hospital is usually recommended for one to two days while you recover. This procedure is usually recommended if SWL was unsuccessful or if your stone is very large.

Using a scope to remove stones. To remove a smaller stone in your ureter or kidney, a thin lighted tube (ureteroscope) equipped with a camera is passed through your urethra and bladder to your ureter. Once the stone is located, special tools can snare the stone or break it into pieces that will pass in your urine. A small tube (stent) may be placed in the ureter to relieve swelling and promote healing. You may need general or local anesthesia during this procedure.

For more information, follow the link below.

http://www.precisionnutrition.com/all-about-kidney-stones

http://youtu.be/7BuZsqnPynI